23 "an imitative poetico-musical technique involving the re-use of metrics and rhyme scheme of an existing poem, thus allowing also a borrowing of the melody of the model", a definition of the metrical contrafactum adapted from that by Marshall, proposed by C. Phan and R. Adl in their paper "Poetic and Musical Imitation in Three Contrafacta of Arnaut de Maruelh's La grans beutatz e.l fis ensenhamens", Kalamazoo International Medieval Studies Conference, 1995.